Pachyoliva columellaris G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 (Olividae, Caenogastropoda) in Peru: tidal migrations and population density

The gastropod Pachyoliva columellaris (formerly Olivella columellaris) is particularly common on many sandy beaches in North Peru. In the studied region north of Paita, Piura province, the species reaches densities of over 80,000 individuals per beach meter. The snails perform tidal migrations throughout the lunar cycle although tidal amplitudes differ four-fold between neap and spring tide. Not all animals complete their tidal migrations, and significant numbers remain above the water line at low tide. Throughout the tidal cycle, the proportion of small individuals is increased near the water line whereas large animals dominate in lower beach zones. I conclude that the sandy beaches north of Paita are well-suited for further studies of P. columellaris and the mechanisms underlying tidal migrations in invertebrates.

El gasterópodo Pachyoliva columellaris (antes Olivella columellaris) es particularmente común en las playas arenosas del norte de Perú. En la región estudiada al norte de Paita, provincia de Piura, la especie alcanza densidades de más de 80.000 individuos por metro de playa. Los caracoles realizan migraciones mareales durante todo el ciclo lunar, aunque las amplitudes de marea difieren cuatro veces entre la marea muerta y la marea viva. No todos los animales completan sus migraciones mareales y un número significativo permanece por encima del nivel del agua en marea baja. Durante todo el ciclo de marea, la proporción de individuos pequeños aumenta cerca del nivel del agua, mientras que los animales grandes dominan en las zonas bajas de la playa. Concluyo que las playas arenosas al norte de Paita son apropiadas para estudios adicionales de P. columellaris y los mecanismos de las migraciones de marea en invertebrados.

Nivel de coordinación motriz de niños y niñas participantes del programa escuelas deportivas integrales del ministerio del deporte de Chile / Level of motor coordination in children participating in the integral sports schools program of chile's sports ministry

Hurtado Almonacid, J.G., Páez Herrera, J., Abusleme Allimant, R. Olate Gómez, F., Follegati Shore, S., Briones Oyanedel, V. y Mallea Díaz, V. (2023). Nivel de coordinación motriz de niños y niñas participantes del programa escuelas deportivas integrales del ministerio del deporte de Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-16. Durante los últimos años se ha identificado que una baja coordinación motriz general incide en una baja participación en instancias de juego libre, actividades deportivas organizadas y libres. A su vez, un mejor dominio motriz se relaciona con un bajo nivel de sedentarismo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo fue comparar el nivel de coordinación motriz general de niños y niñas participantes del componente de Iniciación Deportiva del programa ''Escuelas Deportivas Integrales'' (EDI) del Ministerio del Deporte Chile (''Crecer en Movimiento'' desde 2019), según región de procedencia. En relación con la muestra, se evaluaron 341 niños y niñas de ocho regiones del país (Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, O'Higgins, Metropolitana, Bío-Bío, Araucanía y Los Lagos) cuyas edades fluctuaron entre los 6 y 11 años de edad. Para recopilar información, se utilizó el instrumento 3JS, compuesto por siete tareas (3 de locomoción y 4 de control de objetos). Los resultados reflejaron que los niños poseen mejor rendimiento que las niñas en coordinación motriz general. Al agrupar las pruebas del test según el tipo de coordinación, también superan a las damas en locomoción y en control de objetos. Los niños y niñas de la región de Los Lagos obtienen mejor rendimiento en seis de las siete pruebas. Se concluye que los varones superan a las damas en las pruebas de coordinación locomotriz y control de objetos, así como también en las puntuaciones de coordinación motriz general.

Hurtado Almonacid, J.G., Páez Herrera, J., Abusleme Allimant, R. Olate Gómez, F., Follegati Shore, S., Briones Oyanedel, V. & Mallea Díaz, V. (2023). Level of motor coordination in children participating in the integral sports schools program of chile's sports ministry. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-16. In recent years, it has been detected that generally low motor coordination results in low participation in free play situations, organized and free sports activities. In turn, a better motor mastery is consistent with a low level of sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, the objective of this article is to compare the level of general motor coordination in children that participate in the Sports Initiation component of the ''Integral Sports Schools'' (EDI) program of Chile's Sports Ministry (since 2019, ''Growing in Movement''), according to the regions they come from. Concerning the sample, the assessment covered 341 boys and girls from eight different regions in the country (Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, O'Higgins, Metropolitan Region, Bío-Bío, Araucanía and Los Lagos), in ages ranging from 6 to 11. The information was gathered through the 3JS instrument, made up of seven tasks (3 in locomotion and 4 in object control). The results showed that boys have a better performance than girls in terms of general motor coordination. When the test data were grouped according to the type of coordination, boys are also above girls in terms of locomotion and object control. Boys and girls from the Los Lagos region performed better in six of seven tests. In conclusion, boys outperform girls in the tests of motor coordination and object control, as well as in the scores of general motor coordination.

Hurtado Almonacid, J.G., Páez Herrera, J., Abusleme Allimant, R. Olate Gómez, F., Follegati Shore, S., Briones Oyanedel, V. e Mallea Díaz, V. (2023). Nível de coordenação motora das crianças que participam do programa escolas esportivas integrais do ministério do esporte do Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-16. Nos últimos anos, identificou-se que a baixa coordenação motora geral tem um impacto na baixa participação em atividades de jogos livres, atividades esportistas organizadas e livres. Por sua vez, uma melhor dominância motora está relacionada com um baixo nível de sedentarismo. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo foi comparar o nível de coordenação motora geral das crianças participantes do componente de Iniciação Esportiva do programa "Escolas Esportivas Integrais" (EEI) do Ministério do Esporte do Chile ("Crescendo em Movimento" desde 2019), segundo a região de origem. Em relação à amostra, foram avaliadas 341 crianças de oito regiões do país (Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, O'Higgins, Metropolitana, Bío-Bío, Araucanía e Los Lagos) com idades entre 6 e 11 anos. Para a coleta de informações, foi utilizado o instrumento 3JS, composto por sete tarefas (3 de locomoção e 4 de controle de objetos). Os resultados mostraram que os meninos têm melhor desempenho do que as meninas na coordenação motora geral. Ao agrupar os testes de acordo com o tipo de coordenação, eles também superam as meninas em locomoção e controle de objetos. As crianças da região de Los Lagos tiveram melhor desempenho em seis dos sete testes. Conclui-se que os meninos superam as meninas nos testes de coordenação locomotora e controle de objetos, bem como nos escores gerais de coordenação motora.

Resposta dos parâmentros do andar após intervenção com dicas auditivas rítmicas em idosos com doença de Parkinson / Response of gait parameters after intervention with rhythmic auditory cues in older people with parkinson's disease

Introdução: os comprometimentos do andar em idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP) estão associados à elevada ocorrência de quedas e à redução dos níveis de independência. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a resposta dos parâmetros do andar em idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP), durante, imediatamente após e até uma hora após o término de uma sessão de treinamento do andar com e sem dicas auditivas rítmicas, utilizando três ritmos diferentes para o grupo dica (10% abaixo da cadência preferida, cadência preferida e 10% acima) e um ritmo diferente para o grupo controle (velocidade usual de cada participante). Métodos: vinte e nove idosos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: "controle" e "dica". As sessões de intervenção tiveram 30 minutos de duração e a diferença entre os grupos foi a utilização de dicas auditivas rítmicas oferecidas por um metrônomo no grupo dica. O andar foi avaliado antes, durante e até uma hora após a sessão de intervenção. Resultados: os grupos apresentaram desempenhos similares ao longo das avaliações, com aumento do comprimento do passo e redução da variabilidade da duração do passo. Conclusão: a sessão de intervenção com dicas auditivas rítmicas apresentou efeitos similares aos da sessão de treino sem dica para o andar de idosos com DP.(AU)

Introduction: Gait impairments in older people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are associated with a high occurrence of falls and reduced levels of patients' independence. The objective of the study was to compare the response of gait parameters in older people with Parkinson's disease (PD), during, immediately after, and up to 1h after the end of a single locomotion training session with and without rhythmic auditory cues, using 3 different rhythms for the tip group (10% below the preferred cadence, preferred cadence and 10% above) and 1 different rhythm for the control group (usual speed of each participant). Materials and method: 29 older people were randomly assigned to two groups: Control and "Cue". The intervention sessions lasted 30 minutes and the difference between the groups was the use of rhythmic auditory cues offered by a metro-nome in the Cue group. Gait was assessed before, during, and up to 1 hour after the intervention session. Results: The groups showed similar performances throughout the assessments, with increased step length and reduced step time variability in response to the intervention (compared to the baseline assessment). Conclusion: The intervention session with rhythmic auditory cues had similar effects on gait as the session without cues in older people with PD.(AU)

Effect of dual task walking on spatiotemporal gait in patients with cerebral small vessel disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To compare the gait characteristics of cognitive and motor dual task walking (DTW) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), and determine the best gait parameters to diagnose CSVD and judge the severity of the disease.Methods:A total of 106 patients with CSVD and 21 healthy individuals were included from September 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 in the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital. According to the Fazekas scores, the subjects were divided into mild ( n=34, 1 point), moderate ( n=34, 2 points), severe ( n=38,3 points) groups and control group ( n=21). Participants were recorded parameters under single task walking (STW) and DTW conditions, and calculated dual task effect (DTC) through the difference between single task and dual task. The differences in gait variances and their DTC were shown by generalized estimation equations when performed in STW and DTW and 4 groups of the severity of disease. Post-hoc comparisons were corrected using Bonferroni′s method. Spearman analyses were applied to explore the correlations between gait parameters and their DTC during STW or DTW and severity of disease. Based on the Logistic model, combining predictors or probabilities were gained and applied to establish receiver operating characteristic curve in order to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve. Results:In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in gait parameters between STW and DTW. In the CSVD group, the gait parameters of STW were significantly better than cognitive or motor DTW (all P<0.05). In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in basic gait parameters under different tasks (all P>0.05). In cognitive DTW, temporal gait parameters (stride frequency and stride time) deteriorated significantly only in moderate and severe groups [stride frequency:moderate group 100.220±1.795/min,severe group 94.525±2.139/min;stride time:moderate group (1.227±0.024) s, severe group (1.299±0.031) s], but spatial parameters [stride length: control group (1.050±0.021) m, mild group (0.974±0.022) m, moderate group (0.903±0.025) m, severe group (0.793±0.026) m; stride speed: control group (0.944±0.028) m/s, mild group (0.866±0.030) m/s, moderate group (0.751±0.027) m/s, severe group (0.606±0.022) m/s] were significantly different among all groups (except the control group and mild group;all P<0.05). The DTC of all gait parameters during cognitive DTW was higher than that during motor DTW (all P<0.05) for CSVD patients. While no any difference was found between cognitive DTW and motor DTW in the control group (all P>0.05). Similarly, the temporal parameters′ DTC of cognitive DTW was abnormal only in the late stage of disease, while the spatial parameters′ DTC showed statistically significant difference among all the groups (including the control group and the mild group;all P<0.05). Correlation coefficients of the spatial parameters and their DTC in condition of cognitive DTW were significantly higher than temporal parameters and their DTC (0.50< r<0.64 vs 0.15< r<0.39). The area under curve of the combined predictor was significantly higher than that of any single index. Conclusions:Cognitive DTW can better reflect the abnormal gait of CSVD patients. The spatial parameters and DTC of cognitive DTW could effectively diagnose CSVD and distinguish the disease of severity. And DTC might be better indicators. For diagnosis of CSVD, there was no significant discrepancy between the spatial parameters and DTC, but the combined predictor could significantly improve the sensitivity and reduce the false negative rate.

Neuromuscular diseases and social distance resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic / Doenças neuromusculares e o distanciamento social decorrente da pandemia COVID-19

Abstract Background Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), generically called COVID-2019, classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, has made health practices around the world face unique challenges. Since then, physical distancing and measures such as confinement have been adopted by different governments to control human-to-human transmission. This distance affected the treatment of individuals with progressive diseases such as neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). Objective To identify how patients with NMDs performed the therapeutic routine during social distancing and confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Application of a questionnaire prepared in the Google forms application, whose link for access and participation was sent by email or WhatssApp for family members and/or individuals with DNMs to respond. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions, divided into the following sections: personal data, treatments performed before and during the pandemic, activities performed during confinement, and characterization of motor function in activities of daily living comprising the period between September and October 2020. Results We observed a significant reduction in medical appointments for patients with NMDs. On the other hand, the results showed that most patients underwent motor and/or respiratory physiotherapy in person or by telemonitoring. The study participants reported spending more time playing indoors, and all pointed out motor changes during social distancing. Conclusion There were changes in the therapeutic routine of patients with NMDs during the period of social distancing due to COVID-19.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome respiratória aguda grave por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), genericamente chamada de COVID-2019, classificada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, tem feito as práticas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentar desafios únicos. Desde então, o distanciamento físico e medidas como o confinamento foram adotadas por diferentes governos para controlar a transmissão inter-humana. Este distanciamento afetou o tratamento de indivíduos com doenças progressivas, como no caso das doenças neuromusculares (DNMs). Objetivo Identificar como os pacientes com DNMs realizaram a rotina terapêutica durante o distanciamento social e confinamento decorrentes da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Aplicação de um questionário elaborado no aplicativo Google forms, cujo link para acesso e participação foi enviado por e-mail ou WhatssApp para familiares e/ou indivíduos com DNMs responderem. O questionário consistiu em questões de múltipla escolha, dividido nas seguintes sessões: dados pessoais, tratamentos realizados antes e durante a pandemia, atividades realizadas durante o confinamento e caracterização das funções motoras nas atividades de vida diária, referente ao período de setembro a outubro de 2020. Resultados Observamos uma redução significativa nas consultas médicas dos pacientes com DNMs. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstraram que a maior parte dos pacientes realizou fisioterapia motora e/ou respiratória de modo presencial ou por telemonitoramento. Os participantes do estudo relataram gastar mais tempo com atividades dentro de casa, além de todos terem apontado mudanças motoras durante o distanciamento social. Conclusão Houve mudanças na rotina terapêutica de pacientes com DNM durante o período de distanciamento social da COVID-19.

Functional outcomes in children related to self-care, mobility, and social function after stroke in early childhood: a cohort study / Evolução funcional de crianças em autocuidado, mobilidade e função social após acidente vascular cerebral na primeira infância: um estudo coorte

ABSTRACT Background: Stroke has been increasingly recognized as an important morbidity and mortality factor in neonates and children. Children have different and more diverse risk factors than adults, commonly related to an underlying disease. Stroke may compromise functional capacity in children. Few studies have focused on functional outcomes related to activities and participation. Objectives: To investigate post-stroke functionality of children related to self-care, mobility, and social function. Methods: We assessed the functional outcome of 14 children younger than 7.5 years who suffered a stroke in early childhood through the use of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Results: The average age of the sample at assessment was 3.6 ± 1.4 years (2 - 6 years). The average scores in the PEDI functional domains of self-care, mobility, and social function were, respectively, 37.6 ± 15.4, 36.2 ± 15.4, and 48.7 ± 11.1. Children showed age-appropriate functional outcomes in the PEDI functional domains: 71.4% of them in self-care and mobility and 92.9% in social function. Children with bilateral injuries (p = 0.05) and longer hospital stays (r = -0.79, p = 0.001) showed the worst scores in ​​PEDI's social function domains. Conclusions: Overall, our sample of preschool children showed age-appropriate functional outcomes on self-care, mobility, and social function domains after stroke. However, children with bilateral injuries and longer hospital stays showed the worst scores in social function domains. We recommend focusing on functional rehabilitation to promote activities and participation and to monitor the development of children's social skills after stroke.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tem sido reconhecido como um importante fator de morbimortalidade em neonatos e crianças. As crianças têm fatores de risco diferentes e mais variados que os adultos, comumente relacionados a uma doença subjacente. A funcionalidade das crianças pode estar comprometida após um AVC. Poucos estudos focaram em desfechos funcionais relacionados à atividade e participação. Objetivos: Investigar a funcionalidade de crianças com AVC, relacionada à autocuidado, mobilidade e função social. Métodos: Avaliamos a evolução funcional de 14 crianças com idade menor que 7,5 anos com AVC na primeira infância pela aplicação do PEDI. Resultados: A idade média de nossa amostra na avaliação foi de 3,6 ± 1,4 anos (2 - 6 anos). O escore médio nos domínios de autocuidado, mobilidade e função social do PEDI foram, respectivamente, 37,6 ± 15,4, 36,2 ± 15,4 e 48,7 ± 11,1. As crianças apresentaram evolução adequada para a idade nos domínios do PEDI: 71,4% delas em autocuidado e mobilidade e 92,9% em função social. Piores escores no domínio função social se relacionaram com lesões bilaterais (p = 0,05) e maior tempo de internação (r = -0,79; p = 0,001). Conclusões: Nossa amostra de crianças em idade pré-escolar mostrou, em geral, evolução funcional adequada para a faixa etária nos domínios de autocuidado, mobilidade e função social. Porém, lesões bilaterais e internações hospitalares mais longas se relacionaram com piores performances no domínio função social. Sugerimos focar na reabilitação funcional e acompanhar o desenvolvimento das habilidades sociais de crianças pós-AVC.

Algorithm for screening and management of locomotive syndrome in elderly individuals and development of a short version of the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese

ABSTRACT Objective To develop a short version of the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese and to create an algorithm for locomotive syndrome screening and management. Methods The 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese was applied to individuals aged 60 years or older seen at the Geriatrics and Gerontology Department of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, between 2016 and 2018. Items of the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese were submitted to exploratory factor analysis using the principal component method. Internal consistency was investigated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The ROC curve was used to determine the cut-off point of the short version developed. Finally, a simple and objective algorithm was created for locomotive syndrome screening and management using the Delphi method. Results A total of 202 elderly individuals aged 61 to 101 years (mean age, 84.67 years) were evaluated. Fifteen items were excluded from the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese to compose the 10-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese, a 10-item instrument with appropriate psychometric properties. A cut-off point of ten (ROC curve) was determined for potential locomotive syndrome, with 96.5% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity. A very simple algorithm was developed for locomotive syndrome screening and management. Conclusion The short version (10-question) of the Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-Portuguese has appropriate psychometric properties and provides a practical tool for detection of locomotive problems in elderly individuals.

Functional ambulation decline and factors associated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Declínio da deambulação funcional e fatores associados na esclerose lateral amiotrófica

Abstract Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease, which compromises locomotion and functional independence. As the goal of physical therapy is to maintain the individual's locomotion capacity and independence as long as possible, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the possible factors associated with the loss of this capacity. Objective: To evaluate functional ambulation in patients with ALS and possible factors associated with its decline. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with sporadic ALS patients. Demographic and clinical/functional aspects were evaluated. ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), Functional Ambulation Category, Medical Research Council scale and Fatigue Severity Scale were used. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted of the groups capable and incapable of functional ambulation. Binary logistic regression (stepwise forward method) was performed to determine potential factors associated with the loss of functional ambulation. Results: Among the 55 patients (mean age: 56.9 ± 11.2 years), 74.5% were able to walk functionally. Differences were found between groups regarding time of diagnosis, number of falls, pain, use of noninvasive ventilation, gastrostomy, ability to turn in bed, mobility aids, home adaptations, functional performance, muscle strength and fatigue. The possible predictors of walking disability were overall muscle strength (OR = 0.837; p = 0.003) and fatigue (OR =1.653; p = 0.034). Conclusion: Muscle strength and fatigue are associated with the decline in ambulation capacity in patients with ALS. In view of the complexity of elements involved in walking, further studies are needed to investigate the influence of these aspects in this population.

Resumo Introdução: A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa incapacitante, que compromete a locomoção e a independência funcional. Como o objetivo da fisioterapia é manter a capacidade de locomoção e independência do indivíduo pelo maior tempo possível, é necessário conhecer melhor os possíveis fatores associados à perda dessa capacidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a deambulação funcional em pacientes com ELA e possíveis fatores associados ao seu declínio. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com ELA esporádica. Aspectos demográficos e clínicos/funcionais foram avaliados. A Escala Funcional de ELA (ALSFRS-R), a Escala de Categoria de Deambulação Funcional (FAC), a Medical Research Council Scale e a Escala de Severidade de Fadiga (FSS) foram usadas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e comparativas dos grupos capazes e incapazes de deambulação funcional. A regressão logística binária (método stepwise forward) foi realizada para determinar os potenciais fatores associados à perda da deambulação funcional. Resultados: Entre os 55 pacientes (média de idade: 56,9 ± 11,2 anos), 74,5% eram capazes de deambular funcionalmente. Encontraram-se diferenças entre os grupos quanto ao tempo de diagnóstico, número de quedas, dor, uso de ventilação não invasiva, gastrostomia, capacidade de se virar no leito, auxiliares de locomoção, adaptações domiciliares, desempenho funcional, força muscular e fadiga. Os possíveis preditores de incapacidade de locomoção foram força muscular geral (OR = 0,837; p = 0,003) e fadiga (OR = 1,653; p = 0,034). Conclusão: A força muscular e a fadiga estão associadas ao declínio da capacidade de deambulação em pacientes com ELA. Diante da complexidade dos elementos envolvidos na caminhada, são necessários mais estudos que investiguem a influência desses aspectos nessa população.

Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague-Dawley rats

BACKGROUND: Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. METHODS: In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. RESULTS: This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries.

Cadmium and Mercury Exposure: Oxidative, Neurobehavioural and Histological Alterations to the Cerebellum of Wistar Rats

Background: The unprecedented increase in metal exposure has been aided by modern industrialization and anthropogenic activities. Cadmium and mercury are recognized as two of the most common heavy metals with destructive impacts on most organ systems. The present study was designed to investigate and improve existing literature on the possible deleterious effects of cadmium and mercury exposure. Methods: Adult Wistar rats were treated with cadmium chloride (5 mg/kg/day) and mercury chloride (4 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Body, brain and cerebellar weights, motor deficits, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activities as well as histological alterations to the cerebellum were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results: Findings showed a significant reduction in body and brain weights, dysregulation of antioxidant enzymes activity and impaired locomotion and exploratory activity in treated rats. Also, an increase in lipid peroxidation and degeneration of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum was observed in treated rats. Conclusion: Overall, these results corroborate previous findings that cadmium and mercury induce deleterious effects on the cerebellum and central nervous system. In addition, this study helps to provide an anatomical perspective and information on the exact cerebellar changes induced by cadmium and mercury in Wistar rats.

Effects of multicomponent exercise training on the intrinsic capacity in frail older adults: review of clinical trials

Abstract Aim: To review the effects of multicomponent exercise training on the domains of the intrinsic capacity of physically frail older adults: locomotion, vitality, cognition, psychological outcomes, and sensory function. Methods: The search for the studies was carried out in the MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PEDro databases, along with manual search, delimiting the period of publication as the last 10 years. The initial search identified 338 studies and 18 among them were analyzed qualitatively. Results: From the analysis of the included studies, great variability was evidenced between the intervention protocols, as well as between the results. As for the effectiveness of multicomponent exercise training, it has been shown to induce a positive effect on most of the analyzed outcomes. Conclusion: In summary, the present review suggests that multicomponent physical training can be effective to improve aspects of locomotion, cognition, and psychological aspects in frail older populations. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to specify the time needed to achieve such adaptations, the magnitude of these adaptations, and the design of the most appropriate training program for each outcome related to intrinsic capabilities.

Neural mechanism for modulation of auditory response of the striatum by locomotion / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore whether the characteristic responses to sound stimulations of the auditory neurons in the striatum is regulated in different behavioral states.@*METHODS@#The auditory neurons in the striatum of awake C57BL/6J mice were selected for this study. We recorded the auditory response of the striatum to noises over a long period of time by building a synchronous in vivo electrophysiological and locomotion recording system and using glass microelectrode attachment recording. By analyzing the running speed of the mice, the behavioral states of the mice were divided into the quiet state and the active state, and the spontaneous activity and evoked responses of the auditory neurons in the striatum were analyzed in these two states.@*RESULTS@#Compared with those recorded in the quiet state, the spontaneous activity of the auditory neurons in the striatum of the mice increased significantly (37.06±12.02 vs 18.51±10.91, P < 0.001) while the auditory response of the neurons decreased significantly (noise intensity=60 dB, 3.45±2.99 vs 3.04±2.76, P < 0.001) in the active state.@*CONCLUSION@#Locomotion has a significant inhibitory effect on the auditory response of the striatum, which may importantly contribute to the decline of sound information recognition ability in the active state.

Effects of ankle exoskeleton assistance during human walking on lower limb muscle contractions and coordination patterns / 生物医学工程学杂志

Lower limb ankle exoskeletons have been used to improve walking efficiency and assist the elderly and patients with motor dysfunction in daily activities or rehabilitation training, while the assistance patterns may influence the wearer's lower limb muscle activities and coordination patterns. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the effects of different ankle exoskeleton assistance patterns on wearer's lower limb muscle activities and coordination patterns. A tethered ankle exoskeleton with nine assistance patterns that combined with differenet actuation timing values and torque magnitude levels was used to assist human walking. Lower limb muscle surface electromyography signals were collected from 7 participants walking on a treadmill at a speed of 1.25 m/s. Results showed that the soleus muscle activities were significantly reduced during assisted walking. In one assistance pattern with peak time in 49% of stride and peak torque at 0.7 N·m/kg, the soleus muscle activity was decreased by (38.5 ± 10.8)%. Compared with actuation timing, the assistance torque magnitude had a more significant influence on soleus muscle activity. In all assistance patterns, the eight lower limb muscle activities could be decomposed to five basic muscle synergies. The muscle synergies changed little under assistance with appropriate actuation timing and torque magnitude. Besides, co-contraction indexs of soleus and tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and semitendinosus under exoskeleton assistance were higher than normal walking. Our results are expected to help to understand how healthy wearers adjust their neuromuscular control mechanisms to adapt to different exoskeleton assistance patterns, and provide reference to select appropriate assistance to improve walking efficiency.

The timed up and go test for fall risk prediction in older adults: the latest advances / 中华老年医学杂志

Balance impairment significantly correlates with falls in the elderly.The timed up and go test(TUGT)is a common and simple assessment tool to evaluate balance and gait function and widely used to screen for the risk of falls in the elderly.In this review, we explore the following issues on TUGT: the development, the association with computerized dynamic posturography, and the validity and reference value for fall risk prediction.This may further improve the applicability and prediction accuracy of the screening tool for falls in the elderly.

Foot rotation asymmetry in Down syndrome and the relationship with crawling and walking onset: a cross-sectional study / A marcha de base alargada na síndrome de Down e a relação com o engatinhar e os primeiros passos: um estudo transversal

INTRODUCTION: Down syndrome individuals have different gait patterns, which include specific characteristics such as foot rotation asymmetryOBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between this asymmetry and the hands-and-knees crawling pattern before gait acquisition in Down syndrome children, as well as the possible association of this gait to gender, ethnicity, comorbidities, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy interventionsMETHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 361 children with or without foot rotation asymmetry were selected. An online questionnaire was administered to the parents or guardians of those childrenRESULTS: Hands-and-knees crawling decreased the prevalence of foot rotation asymmetry in Down syndrome children. The longer it took for walking onset, the higher the prevalence of this asymmetry. Indeed, for each month of delay, there was a 7% increase in prevalence. There was a significant relationship between orthopedic alterations in knees or flat feet and foot rotation asymmetry. There was no significance related to gender, ethnicity, other comorbidities, physiotherapy, or occupational therapy interventionsCONCLUSION: The findings in this study revealed that foot rotation asymmetry might be related to the acquisition of motor skills, hands-and-knees crawling and the walking onset

INTRODUÇÃO: As pessoas com síndrome de Down (SD) apresentam diferentes padrões de marcha, incluindo algumas características específicas como a marcha de base alargadaOBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a marcha de base alargada e a aquisição motora engatinhar em quatro apoios adquiridas antes da marcha em crianças com SD, bem como a provável associação desta marcha com gênero, etnia, comorbidades e tratamentos de fisioterapia e terapia ocupacionalMÉTODO: Neste estudo transversal, foram selecionados 361 indivíduos que apresentaram ou não marcha de base alargada. Um questionário on-line foi administrado para pais / responsáveis destas criançasRESULTADOS: O engatinhar em quatro apoios diminuiu a prevalência da marcha de base alargada em crianças com SD. Quanto maior o tempo em meses para os primeiros-passos, maior a prevalência de base alargada, sendo que, a cada mês de atraso, a prevalência aumenta em 7%. Foi observada significância entre as alterações ortopédicas em joelhos e pés planos e a marcha de base alargada. Não foi encontrada significância relacionada a gênero, etnia, outras comorbidades, fisioterapia ou terapia ocupacionalCONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo mostraram que o aparecimento da base alargada pode estar relacionado às aquisições motoras, engatinhar em quatro apoios, e aos primeiros passos

A artrodese lombar e as alterações dos parâmetros espaço-temporais da marcha / Lumbar arthrodesis and the changes in spatiotemporal parameters of gait

As dores lombares podem causar frequentes incapacidades a longo prazo. O tratamento inicial de problemas lombares é realizado através de medicamentos e de fisioterapia; mas a cirurgia de artrodese também pode ser considerada para alguns casos específicos. Entretanto, acredita-se que a artrodese lombar pode afetar negativamente a marcha. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar possíveis alterações nos parâmetros cinemáticos da marcha de indivíduos submetidos a artrodese lombar. Fizeram parte da amostra quinze indivíduos com médias de idade de 55,40 anos, de peso de 79,84 quilogramas, de altura de 1,60 metros e de tempo de pós operat ório de 59,33 meses. Um sistema de cinemetria capturou a trajetória tridimensional da marcha. Para a avaliação funcional, o questionário de Roland Morris (RMDQ) foi utilizado. O teste t para uma amostra foi utilizado para comparar com as variáveis da marcha com a normalidade; e o teste de correlação de Spearman, para verificar as correlações entre os parâmetros da marcha e o RMDQ, tempo de procedimento cirúrgico e idade. Os valores de velocidade (p < 0,0001), do comprimento da passada (p < 0,0001) e da largura do passo (p < 0,0001) apresentaram-se inferiores quando comparado aos valores normativos. Os resultados do questionário de RMDQ demonstraram que os participantes apresentaram níveis baixos de funcionalidade; com uma correlação forte e estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) entre a funcionalidade e a velocidade, cadência, tempo da passada e largura do passo. Resultados similares também foram encontrados em pacientes em tratamento conservador, demonstrando a falta de eficiência desse procedimento cirúrgico. Por isso, de ve-se questionar as reais necessidades da artrodese lombar, avaliando a gravidade e os objetivos de cada paciente com o intuito esgotar ao máximo as po ssibilidades de tratamento conservador antes da opção pela artrodese lombar. (AU)

Low back pain can cause frequent long-term disabilities. The initial treatment for low back problems is medication and physiotherapy; but arthrodesis surgery can also be considered for some specific cases. However, it is believed that lumbar arthrodesis can negatively affects gait. The main objective of this study was to identify possible changes in gait kinematic parameters after lumbar arthrodesis. Sample was composed by fifteen individuals with a mean age of 55.40 years, weighing 79.84 kilograms, height of 1.60 meters and postoperative time of 59.33 months. A kinematic system captured the three -dimensional trajectory of the gait. For functionality evaluation, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) was used. The t-test for one sample was used to compare gait variables with normality; and the Spearman correlation test was used to verify the correlations between gait par ameters and RMDQ, surgical time and age. The values of velocity (p < 0.0001), stride length (p < 0.0001) and step width (p < 0.0001) were lower when compared to normative values. The results of the RMDQ showed that participants had low levels of functionality; with a strong and statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) between functionality and velocity, between functionality and cadence, between functionality and stride time, and between functionality and stride widt h. Similar results were also found in patients under conservative treatment, demonstrating this surgical procedure is inefficiency. Therefore, should be asked the real needed for lumbar arthrodesis, measuring the severity and objectives of each patient in order to fully exhaust the possibilities of conservative treatment b efore opting for lumbar arthrodesis. (AU)

Enfermedad podal en bovinos: prevalencia y asociación con algunas variables / Podal disease in cows: prevalence and association with some variables

RESUMEN La enfermedad podal constituye uno de los síndromes más difíciles de controlar en la industria lechera. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la prevalencia de enfermedad podal, evaluando su asociación con factores como raza, orden de parto y peso. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo que utiliza los registros sanitarios y productivos de un hato lechero ubicado en el trópico alto de Colombia. Los componentes raciales presentes fueron Fl Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro y Holstein 100%. Se consideraron 6 órdenes de parto. La variable enfermedad podal presenta una distribución binomial. El efecto de los factores se verificó utilizando un modelo lineal generalizado, por medio de una regresión logística (PROC GENMOD SAS versión 9.4). En caso de existir diferencias significativas, se aplicó el procedimiento LSMEANS del SAS (versión 9.4) y un Odds Rattio entre los niveles que presentaron significancia. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal en el hato fue de 10,55%. Los factores de riesgo considerados fueron estadísticamente significativos: componente racial (p < 0,0009), orden parto (p < 0,0001) y peso medio de las vacas (p < 0,0001). Se observó un incremento en la prevalencia de la enfermedad asociado a la raza Holstein, orden de parto alto y bajo peso corporal. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal fue mayor en vacas Holstein puras y menor en vacas Holstein cruzadas con Blanco Orejinegro, debido a la resistencia por heterosis que la raza criolla aporta. El incremento del orden de parto al igual que el bajo peso se relacionan con una mayor prevalencia de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Foot disease is one of the most difficult syndromes to control in the dairy industry. The goal of this study was to quantify the prevalence of foot disease, evaluating its association with factors such as race, calving order and weight. This is a retrospective study using the health and production records of a dairy herd located in the high tropics of Colombia. The racial components present were F1 Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro, Holstein 100%. 6 delivery orders were considered. The variable foot disease presents a binomial distribution. The effect of the factors was verified using a generalized linear model, by means of a logistic regression (PROC GENMOD SAS version 9.4). In the event of significant differences, the SAS LSMEANS procedure (version 9.4) and an Odds Ratio were applied between the levels that presented significance. The prevalence of foot disease in the herd was 10,55%. The risk factors considered were statistically significant: racial component (p < 0,0009), calving order (p < 0,0001) and average weight of the cows (p < 0,0001). An increase in the prevalence of the disease was observed associated with the Holstein breed, high calving order and low body weight. The prevalence of foot disease was higher in pure Holstein cows and lower in Holstein cows crossed with Blanco Orejinegro due to the resistance due to heterosis that the creole breed contributes. The increase in the delivery order as well as the low weight are related to a higher prevalence of this disease.

Knee extension strength and handgrip strength are important predictors of Timed Up and Go test performance among community-dwelling elderly women: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Handgrip and knee extension strengths have each been used to characterize disability. However, it has been reported that the association between handgrip and knee extension strengths is weak. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of knee extensor and handgrip muscle strength on Timed Up and Go (TUG) test results among elderly women with worse (≥ 10 seconds) and better (< 10 seconds) performance, after controlling for confounders. DATA AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on a sample selected according to convenience, carried out in a federal public institution of higher education. METHODS: Assessment of handgrip was carried out using the Jamar dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, Inc., Lafayette, United States). Knee extensor muscle performance was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Pro; Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., United States), The confounding factors were education, age, comorbidities, body mass index and Geriatric Depression Scale and Human Activity Profile scores. Functional performance was assessed through the TUG test. A backward linear regression model was used. RESULTS: 127 elderly women performed the TUG test in more than 10 seconds and 93 in less than 10 seconds. However, regardless of test performance, handgrip strength and knee extension strength comprised the reduced final model. CONCLUSIONS: Knee extension strength and handgrip strength might be particularly useful indicators for measuring disability.

Locomotor activity in Aedes aegypti with different insecticide resistance profiles

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate locomotor activity in four field populations of Ae. aegypti with different insecticide resistance profiles from the state of São Paulo for two years. METHODS: This study comprised the susceptible Rockefeller strain and four populations from São Paulo, Brazil: two considered populations with "reduced susceptibility" to pyrethroids (Campinas and Marília), and two "resistant populations" (Santos and Ribeirão Preto). First, 2016 and 2017 eggs from these five populations were hatched in laboratory. Virgin females underwent experiments under laboratory conditions at 25°C, with 12:12h light/dark (LD) photoperiod; 24-hour individual activity was recorded using a locomotor activity monitor (LAM). RESULTS: In females from 2016 field populations, both resistant populations showed significant more locomotor activity than the two reduced susceptibility populations and the Rockefeller strain (p < 0.05). As for females from 2017 field populations, reduced susceptibility populations showed a significant increased locomotor activity than the Rockefeller strain, but no significant difference when compared to Santos resistant population (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti populations show increased locomotor activity, which may affect the transmission dynamics of their arboviruses.

Prevalence and factors associated with locomotive syndrome in community-dwelling older adults / Prevalencia y factores asociados al síndrome locomotor en adultos mayores de la comunidad / Prevalência e fatores associados à síndrome locomotora em idosos comunitários

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze prevalence and the factors associated with locomotive syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. Method: a cross-sectional study, developed in a municipal center for the care of older adults in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. The sample was for convenience and comprised 204 older adults aged 60 years or more, of both genders and with preserved cognitive capacity, according to parameters of the Mini Mental State Examination. Data collection occurred from March to November 2018, by applying a form for sociodemographic, clinical and falls occurrence characterization and the 25-item Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale. To measure the strength of the associations between the variables, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were adopted. The statistical significance level was set at 5% for the analyses. Results: the prevalence of locomotive syndrome found was 37.2%. The factors associated with the presence of locomotive syndrome were individual monthly income (p=0.005); existence of one of the following comorbidities: systemic arterial hypertension (p=0.039), osteoporosis (p=0.016), arthrosis (p<0.001) or obesity (p=0.014); and history of hospitalization in the last year (p=0.007). Conclusion: the prevalence of locomotive syndrome found in this study was low and presented higher levels in older adults, with an individual monthly income of two to three minimum wages; who reported having hypertension, osteoporosis, arthrosis or obesity; and with a history of hospitalization in the last year. The health condition investigated showed to be related to aging, with significant repercussions on functionality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al síndrome locomotor en adultos mayores de la comunidad. Método: estudio de tipo transversal, desarrollado en un centro de atención para adultos mayores de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. La muestra fue por conveniencia y estuvo compuesta por 204 adultos mayores de 60 o más años de edad, de ambos sexos y con capacidad cognitiva preservada, según parámetros del Mini Examen de Estado Mental. Los datos se recolectaron entre marzo y noviembre de 2018 aplicando un formulario para la caracterización sociodemográfica, clínica y de caídas y la Escala Geriátrica de la Función Locomotora de 25 ítems. Para medir la fuerza de las asociaciones entre las variables, se adoptaron odds ratios e intervalos de confianza del 95%. El nivel de significancia estadística se estableció en 5% para los análisis. Resultados: la prevalencia del síndrome locomotor fue del 37,2%. Los factores asociados a la presencia del síndrome locomotor fueron los siguientes: ingreso mensual individual (p=0,005); presencia de una de las comorbilidades: hipertensión arterial sistémica (p=0,039), osteoporosis (p=0,016), artrosis (p<0,001) u obesidad (p=0,014); y antecedentes de internación en el último año (p=0,007). Conclusión: la prevalencia del síndrome locomotor que se encontró en este estudio fue baja y demostró ser superior en adultos mayores, con ingresos mensuales individuales de de dos a tres salarios mínimos; que indicaron sufrir hipertensión, osteoporosis, artrosis u obesidad; y con antecedentes de internación en el último año. La condición de salud investigada demostró estar relacionada con el envejecimiento, con repercusiones significativas sobre la funcionalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome locomotora em idosos comunitários. Método: estudo do tipo transversal, desenvolvido em núcleo de atenção ao idoso, em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. A amostra foi por conveniência e constituída por 204 idosos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, com capacidade cognitiva preservada, segundo parâmetros do Mini Exame do Estado Mental. A coleta de dados ocorreu de março a novembro de 2018, por meio da aplicação de um formulário para caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e de ocorrência de quedas e da Escala Geriátrica da Função Locomotora de 25 itens. Para aferição da força das associações entre as variáveis, adotaram-se razão de chances e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Nível de significância estatística estabelecido de 5% para as análises. Resultados: a prevalência da síndrome locomotora encontrada foi de 37,2%. Os fatores associados à presença da síndrome locomotora foram renda mensal individual (p=0,005); existência de uma das comorbidades: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p=0,039), osteoporose (p=0,016), artrose (p<0,001) ou obesidade (p=0,014); e histórico de hospitalização, no último ano (p=0,007). Conclusão: a prevalência da síndrome locomotora encontrada no presente estudo foi baixa e apresentou-se maior em idosos, com renda mensal individual de dois a três salários mínimos; que referiram ter hipertensão, osteoporose, artrose ou obesidade; e com histórico de hospitalização, no último ano. A condição de saúde investigada se mostrou relacionada ao envelhecimento, com repercussões significativas sobre a funcionalidade.